Liquid Filtration

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AbstractIn the present study, polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) nanofibrous membranes were prepared and their potential use in liquid filtration was investigated. The optimum polymer concentration and solvent system for producing beadless fibers were found as 24 wt.% PPSU in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/dimethylformamide binary solvent system at a 30:70 volume ratio. The nanofibrous membrane was then heat treated in an oven which resulted in fusion of the fibers at their junction points and also along their length. The untreated and heat-treated membranes were characterized by water contact angle measurement, porosity determination, and tensile tests. Furthermore, performance of the untreated and heat-treated membranes was evaluated by determination of pure water flux and filtration of canned beans production wastewater. The remarkable pure water flux of 7323 L/m2 h was observed for the heat-treated membrane as a result of high porosity, improved mechanical stability, and low compaction imposed by the applied heat treat...

In the new century, electrospun nanofibrous webs are widely employed in various applications due to their specific surface area and porous structure with narrow pore size. The mechanical properties have a major influence on the applications of nanofiber webs. Lamination technology is an important method for improving the mechanical strength of nanofiber webs. In this study, the influence of laminating pressure on the properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers/laminate was investigated. Heat-press lamination was carried out at three different pressures, and the surface morphologies of the multilayer nanofibrous membranes were observed under an optical microscope. In addition, air permeability, water filtration, and contact angle experiments were performed to examine the effect of laminating pressure on the breathability, water permeability and surface wettability of multilayer nanofibrous membranes. A bursting strength test was developed and applied to measure the maximum bursting pressure of the nanofibers from the laminated surface. A water filtration test was performed using a cross-flow unit. Based on the results of the tests, the optimum laminating pressure was determined for both PAN and PVDF multilayer nanofibrous membranes to prepare suitable microfilters for liquid filtration.

An experimental study of particulate matter retention by microporous membranes during liquid filtration has been conducted using 0.1, 0.22, 0.45, and 0.65-μm-rated hydrophilic and hydrophobic membrane filters. Retention measurements have been made with polystyrene latex spheres using an automated filter test system and a laser particle counter to measure the upstream and downstream particle concentration.Particle filtration during loading tests was found to begin with a sieving dominant regime followed by a transition regime and a cake filtration regime as particles accumulate inside the filter pores and on the filter surface. For latex sphere sizes equal to the nominal pore size of the filter, the initial filter efficiencies ranged from 97 to 99.9 percent. Complete retention (>99.9999999 percent) was achieved for a range of particle sizes two to three times the rated pore sizes of the filter. With the addition of a surfactant to the liquid, the retention was found to be lowered as a result of enhanced pa...

AIM The aim of this study was to compare the resistance to leakage of different thicknesses of Bioaggregate (BA) and 4-mm-thick white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) in an apexification model using liquid filtration. METHODS 32 extracted mandibular premolar teeth were sectioned at the cemento-enamel junction and 3-4 mm from the tooth apex to obtain 12-mm-long root segments. The apical and coronal thirds were prepared with size two through six Gates Glidden burs. The teeth were divided into four groups according to material and thickness, as follows: Group 1: 2-mm BA; Group 2: 4-mm BA; Group 3: 12-mm (total length) BA; Group 4: 4-mm WMTA (control). The empty parts of the roots in Groups 1, 2, and 4 were filled with gutta-percha and root canal sealer, and leakage was measured using fluid filtration. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H-test. RESULTS No statistical differences in microleakage were observed between Groups 1, 2, and 4 (P > 0.05). Group 3 (roots filled completely with BA) showed significantly less leakage than the other groups tested (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study showed that 12 mm of BA exhibited the best resistance to leakage. At the same time, 2-4 mm of BA showed similar results when compared to 4-mm MTA. In light of these results, this study suggests that BA may be a good candidate for further clinical studies when used as an apical barrier for apexification.

The composite ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated by self-assembling the aramid nanofibers (ANFs) on nonwoven fabric (NF) via layer-by-layer technique. Different numbers of ANFs layers (8, 10, 12) have been self-assembled on the NF. The surface morphology, surface wettability, tensile strength, and filtration performance of as-prepared composite membranes were investigated. The results demonstrated that the surface assembled NF with the deposition of ANFs could improve their hydrophilicity and mechanical properties. The filtration experiments indicated that the composite membranes could efficiently remove the nanoparticles from water system. When the number of ANFs layers reaches 12, 10 nm Au nanoparticles can be removed from the feed solution with a rejection rate above 90%. This work presents the feasibility of liquid filtration by using the ANFs self-assembled composite membranes, which exhibits a potential application in ultrafiltration. POLYM. COMPOS., 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Solid–liquid filtration monitoring by means of a single inexpensive 16-element ring sensor array for electrical resistance tomography (ERT) is described. The high sensitivity of the UMIST Mark 1b-E data acquisition system led to the unexpected finding that this tomography array can detect movement of the liquid level during filtration. This degree of sensitivity was also capable of detecting any tilt of the filter assembly, so that pathological behaviour due to malfunction or accidental displacement of the filter support plate could also be identified. Moreover, illustrative distortions of a filter cake formed by artificial surface depressions were readily observed in tomograms reconstructed by linear back projection. It is concluded that ERT has great potential for instrumenting and detecting ‘pathological’ behaviour of filtration processes in the pharmaceutical and fine chemicals industries. ©2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Kimmo Jarvinen Development of filter media treatments for liquid filtration Lappeenranta 2005 75 pages, 22 figures, 10 tables, 7 appendices Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 227 Diss. Lappeenranta University of Technology ISBN 952-214-137-2, ISBN 952-214-160-7 (PDF) ISSN 1456-4491 Woven monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarn filter media have long been the standard media in liquid filtration equipment. While the energy for a solid-liquid separation process is determined by the engineering work, it is the interface between the slurry and the equipment the filter media that greatly affects the performance characteristics of the unit operation. Those skilled in the art are well aware that a poorly designed filter medium may endanger the whole operation, whereas well-performing filter media can make the operation smooth and economical. As the mineral and pulp producers seek to produce ever finer and more refined fractions of their products, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to dewater slurries with average particle sizes around 1 μm using conventional, high-capacity filtration equipment. Furthermore, the surface properties of the media must not allow sticky and adhesive particles to adhere to the media. The aim of this thesis was to test how the dirt-repellency, electrical resistance and highpressure filtration performance of selected woven filter media can be improved by modifying the fabric or yarn with coating, chemical treatment and calendering. The results achieved by chemical surface treatments clearly show that the woven media surface properties can be modified to achieve lower electrical resistance and improved dirt-repellency. The main challenge with the chemical treatments is the abrasion resistance and, while the experimental results indicate that the treatment is sufficiently permanent to resist standard weathering conditions, they may still prove to be inadequately strong in terms of actual use. From the pressure filtration studies in this work, it seems obvious that the conventional woven multifilament fabrics still perform surprisingly well against the coated media in terms of filtrate clarity and cake build-up. Especially in cases where the feed slurry concentration was low and the pressures moderate, the conventional media seemed to outperform the coated media. In the cases where the feed slurry concentration was high, the tightly woven media performed well against the monofilament reference fabrics, but seemed to do worse than some of the coated media. This result is somewhat surprising in that the high initial specific resistance of the coated media would suggest that the media will blind more easily than the plain woven media. The results indicate, however, that it is actually the woven media that gradually clogs during the coarse of filtration. In conclusion, it seems obvious that there is a pressure limit above which the woven media looses its capacity to keep the solid particles from penetrating the structure. This finding suggests that for extreme pressures the only foreseeable solution is the coated fabrics supported by a strong enough woven fabric to hold the structure together. Having said that, the high pressure filtration process seems to follow somewhat different laws than the more conventional processes. Based on the results, it may well be that the role of the cloth is most of all to support the cake, and the main performance-determining factor is a long life time. Measuring the pore size distribution with a commercially available porometer gives a fairly accurate picture of the pore size distribution of a fabric, but fails to give insight into which of the pore sizes is the most important in determining the flow through the fabric. Historically air, and sometimes water, permeability measures have been the standard in evaluating media filtration performance including particle retention. Permeability, however, is a function of a multitude of variables and does not directly allow the estimation of the effective pore size. In this study a new method for estimating the effective pore size and open pore area in a densely woven multifilament fabric was developed. The method combines a simplified equation of the electrical resistance of fabric with the Hagen-Poiseuille flow equation to estimate the effective pore size of a fabric and the total open area of pores. The results are validated by comparison to the measured values of the largest pore size (Bubble point) and the average pore size. The results show good correlation with measured values. However, the measured and estimated values tend to diverge in high weft density fabrics. This phenomenon is thought to be a result of a more tortuous flow path of denser fabrics, and could most probably be cured by using another value for the tortuosity factor.

Double porosity models for the liquid filtration in a naturally fractured reservoir is derived from the homogenization theory. The governing equations on the microscopic level consist of the stationary Stokes system for an incompressible viscous fluid, occupying a crack-pore space (liquid domain), and stationary Lame equations for an incompressible elastic solid skeleton, coupled with the corresponding boundary conditions on the common boundary "solid skeleton-liquid domain". We assume that the liquid domain is a union of two independent systems of cracks (fissures) and pores, and that the dimensionless size δ of pores depends on the dimensionless size e of cracks: δ = er with r > 1. The rigorous justification is fulfilled for homogenization procedure as the dimensionless size of the cracks tends to zero, while the solid body is geometrically periodic. As the result we derive the well-known Biot–Terzaghi system of liquid filtration in poroelastic media, which consists of the usual Darcy law for the liquid...

INTRODUCTION We study the effect on Intralipid on pulmonary circulation. METHODS A 10% infusion of Intralipid was administered at a dose of 0.5/kg in 14 isolated rabbit lungs in which constant blood flow infusion was carried out principally in zone 3. The liquid filtration rate (LFR) and the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery were measured. RESULTS A constant increase of mean pressure of the pulmonary artery was observed following the infusion (from 12.32 +/- 3.66 cm of H2O to 39.92 +/- 07.68 cmH2O (p < 0.01) which was associated to a significant increase in the rate of liquid filtration (from 0.018 +/- 0.01 g/min to 0.198 +/- 0.04 g/min; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The administration of Intralipid produces a statistically significant increase of mean pressure of the pulmonary artery and the rate of liquid filtration. This is probably caused by vasoconstriction due to metabolic changes produced by Intralipid on pulmonary circulation.