Landscape Gardening

The leading landscape gardener of later Georgian England, Humphry Repton (1752-1818), was innovative and prolific, undertaking more than four hundred commissions during his thirty-year career. Repton worked for a wide variety of clients, notably the dukes of Portland and Bedford, and on many kinds of sites throughout England. He also promoted his profession in extensive writings about the theory and practice of landscape gardening. This book examines Repton's career and work in the context of the changing human geography of his time. Fully illustrated with many previously unpublished pictures, the book charts Repton's vision of England, how his style changed and persisted over time and from place to place, how he influenced his profession, and how he fashioned a social identity for himself. Stephen Daniels frames Repton's life and work in terms of five domains: the road, the county, the picturesque landscape, the aristocratic estate, and the urban periphery. Focusing on the way these domains shaped Repton's career and how he in turn attempted to shape them, Daniels examines in depth more than twenty representative commissions that delineate Repton's social and spatial theory of landscape. The author casts new light not only on the work of Humphry Repton but also on the role of landscape itself in English culture and society.

A. J. Downing (1815-1852) wrote the first American treatise on landscape gardening. As editor of the Horticulturist and the country's leading practitioner and author, he promoted a national style of landscape gardening that broke away from European precedents and standards. Like other writers and artists, Downing responded to the intensifying demand in the nineteenth century for a recognizably American cultural expression.To Live in the New World examines in detail Downing's growing conviction that landscape gardening must be adapted to the American people and the nation's indigenous landscapes. Despite significant changes in its three editions, Downing's A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, remained true to the original intent: to guide country gentlemen--with enough money, time, and taste--in the creation of ideal homes and pleasure grounds. While most historians and critics have focused on Downing's more formally written treatise, Judith Major gives equal emphasis to Downing's spirited monthly editorials in the Horticulturist. In the journal, Downing "spoke American" and encouraged his countrymen and women to practice economy, to use America's rich natural resources wisely yet artfully, to be content with a little cottage and a few fine native trees.Although the book is not a biography, the people, events, and experiences that shaped Downing's thinking on landscape gardening are central to the story. Significantly, Downing spent his life in the spectacular natural setting of the Hudson River valley. Through his professional practice, travels, reading, and extensive correspondence, he gradually became aware of the individual and collective needs that he served. Landscape gardening, Downing came to feel, had to respect not only a client's desires and means, but also the nation's republican values of moderation, simplicity, and civic responsibility. Major takes a fresh look at the influence on Downing's theory and practice of British writers such as Archibald Alison, Uvedale Price, Humphry Repton, John Claudius Loudon, and John Ruskin, and analyzes for the first time his debt to the French academician A. C. Quatremere de Quincy's Essay on Imitation.

Fukuba Hayato (1856-1921) is known as a person who created the foundation of modern gardening. This study is aimed to search his thoughts of modern horticulture and landscape gardening in Japan through his personal records.Also the author intended to clarify his influences on modern horticulture and landscape gardening in Japan. He studied knowledge and skills of modern horticulture and landscape gardening from foreign countries over his life for refining the Shinjuku Imperial Gardens (Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden). He advocated the ideal way of Imperial gardens and gardening in Japan, established Kunaisyo Naienkyoku (after Imperial Household Agency, Maintenance and Works Department, Gardens Division), and popularized skills of modern landscape gardening not only inside of imperial palaces. In addition, he greatly contributed to the development of the modern landscape gardening including professional educations. In conclusion, the author pointed out the influence that he had given to the horticulture and landscape gardening in Japan was considered as a critical one that has continued until today.

Abstract As a member of the early contingent of American landscape architects, Andrew Jackson Downing's career started with the cornpletion of his own garden in 1839 and ended with his untimely death in a ferry accident in 1852. He is nwst famous for recording and promoting in writing his own formulation of the English tradition of landscape gardening. Between 1841 and 1849, he published three editions1 of his Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening Adapted to North America. He also penned a total of 74 editorials as editor of The Horticulturists, a journal he launched to educate the gardening public in matters of taste and practical knowledge. His literary achievements had no equivalent in his time and they secured Downing's influence well beyond his death. His double status as practitioner and writer gave his role in the development of landscape architecture in the United States the same strong foundation that led Humphry Repton (1752–1818) and John Claudius Loudon (1738–1843) to prominence in England. Both Repton and Loudon had successful careers as landscape architects and both were influential writers, but while Downing echoed his predecessors' will to codify their art, he resolutely set his sights, as the title of his Treatise shows, on addressing landscape gardening frorn an American perspective.

In 1888, Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer (1851–1934) brought her knowledge of the fine arts to bear on the subject of landscape gardening for Garden and Forest. The result was a concise manifesto for late nineteenth-century America. Van Rensselaer was already a well-known critic of art and architecture, and in her seven-part series for the new weekly journal, she outlined the principles of landscape gardening as a sister fine art. In this era of conscious professionalism, her essays were essential reading for practitioners as well as for a public wanting to judge, for their own delight and appreciation, the art of landscape gardening as a profession. Her audience included aspiring professionals, clients, gardeners, and public and private users of designed landscapes. Van Rensselaer drew on established theories and nascent practices of landscape architecture, but insisted on retaining the name “landscape gardening.” The ideas of the renowned practitioner Frederick Law Olmsted were evident—but not wholly intact. One of her goals was to educate those she classified as “capable amateurs”—to educate Americans to recognize the creative genius of artists like Olmsted. Van Rensselaer's manifesto addressed issues such as artistic self-expression, the “idealism” favored by Van Rensselaer (as opposed to “realism”), organized beauty, and composition—with an emphasis on the harmonious arrangement of contrasting forms and contrasting colors, This paper analyzes these topics in the Garden and Forest essays for how they defined the emerging profession for the public.

There are 50 families,159 genera and 512 species including subspecies,varieties and forms of wild vines in Guangdong Province,being mainly distributed in its north and west.Of these 50 families,Vitaceae,Papilionaceae,Rubiaceae,Cucurbitaceae,Asclepiadaceae,Convolvulaceae and Apocynaceae are dominant in species composition.According to the texture of their stem,they can be divided into five types: woody vine,herb vine,climbing shrub vine,leafless vine and fleshy vine;woody vines are more common than the others.According to their climbing mode,they can be divided into four types(i.e.twiner vine,tendril vine,thorn vine and adsorption vine);most of them are twiner vines.Based on the evaluation of their utilization values in landscape gardening,we put forward some suggestions for their further exploitation.

For a total of 36 junior college and university students, we evaluated the difficulty of different practical-test tasks in the Grade 3 Landscape Gardening Examination. Our conclusions, as follows, will help us to better tutor future examinees: (1) Practicing each practical test task three times in succession resulted in significant proficiency improvements such that test tasks could be completed in close to the "standard" time allotted, (2) however, it is difficult to shorten the amount of time it takes to install rails on fence posts or to lay paving stones, (3) in general, the more times a test task is practiced, the better the examination grade, (4) however, repeated practice laying paving stones does not have a significant effect on test grades, (5) Repeating practical test tasks several times in succession tends to both shorten the time it takes to complete them and improve test grades -- thus, it is an effective method of tutoring to improve test results. Female students tended to take longer to complete tasks and also receive lower grades, so there is a need to improve tutoring of female students.

Purpose. To give an objective assessment of the current ecological condition of artificially created objects of the nature reserve fund. Methods. Comparative-geographical, generalization, systematization, statistical, comparative-analytical, descriptive, cartographic. Results. Not all types of artificial objects of nature reserve fund of Volyn region are represented. There are 12 park-monuments of landscape art, 1 botanical garden, 1 zoo and no dendrological park. On the whole, the number of artificial objects of nature reserved fund in the region is the lowest in Ukraine. On the territory of the region there is an uneven distribution of artificial objects of the nature reserve fund. An analysis of the distribution of artificial objects of nature reserve fund by area revealed that the largest one is the park-monument of landscape art «Slovianskyy» (27,35 hectares). It is located in the Volodymyr-Volynskyy district. From 12 to 21,6 hectares of landscapes in Lutsk, Gorokhiv, Turiysk, Lyubeshiv and Kivertsy districts is occupied by the park- monuments of landscape art. In the Starovyzhivsky district, the area of park-monuments of landscape art is 2 hectares, while in other districts there are no areas for artificial objects of nature reserve fund. All artificial objects of nature reserve fund were created in 1960-1990. Only one park-monuments of landscape art was created in 2018. It is called «Sydorukiv Park» and is located in the city of Horokhiv. Most of the park-monuments of landscape art are located within settlements and only 2 parks are located in the territory of forestry. In total, more than 150 species of flora are protected in the territory of park-monuments of landscape art. Conclusion. As a result of the analysis, 3 species of flora were identified that grow on the territory of parks of monuments of landscape gardening art and are included in environmental lists (Epipactis helleborine, Syringa josikaea, Epipactis palustris). The most dangerous for them is tearing, digging, picking up bouquets, as well as a partial violation of the structure of ecotopes (deforestation, excessive recreation, etc.). It is proposed to strengthen the protection of these species by increasing the status of the nature conservation object and assigning them to the territories of the nature reserve fund - botanical nature reserve of local importance.

The concept of Computer aided designing for landscape gardening is comparatively new. It can be simply defined as design and drafting of a landscape garden with the aid of computer.Originally the technique was aiming at automating a number of tasks a designer is performing and in particular the modelling of the product.A variety of 2D and 3D based tools and approaches have been evaluated along with their advantages and disadvantages. The scope has been broadening to include and contrast interior designing tools in order to gain better domain knowledge.As the CAD software makes use of some of the best tools, the percentage of error that occurred because of manual designing is significantly reduced.When it comes to the amount of effort that was needed for the sake of designing the different models, it has been reduced significantly because the software automates most of the task. While, using the computer aided design software, it saves time and better and more efficient designs can be made in shorter time duration.

Robert Morris Copeland (1830-1874) was one of a small number of American landscape practitioners whose written and built work helped establish the foundations for city planning and integrated park systems. As did his colleagues Frederick Law Olmsted and Horace Cleveland, Copeland merged many of the principles of scientific farming with landscape gardening. Although he died at a relatively young age, his accomplishments were substantial. He left behind several important designs for cemeteries, estates, suburbs, communities, and parks throughout New England, New York, and Pennsylvania. In 1859, Copeland published Country Life, which quickly became a bible of scientific farming and landscape gardening, as it incorporated the latest agricultural practices with new engineering methods. Handsomely illustrated with plates and woodcuts, the book sold through six editions. Copeland organized the book into an agricultural year that provided practical and aesthetic advice on a month-by-month basis, according to area. He dedicated the book "to all lovers of nature and to all engaged in cultivating and adorning the earth," suggesting that a well-managed farm "can expand the mind and ennoble the soul." A new introduction by William H. Tishler analyzes the importance of the book to mid-nineteenth-century America and chronicles Copeland's other important achievements, including his early concept for a metropolitan park system for Boston that foreshadowed Charles Eliot's efforts by many years.